Circumflex

Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Circumflex shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Circumflex offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Circumflex at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Circumflex? Wrong! If the Circumflex is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Circumflex then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Circumflex? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Circumflex and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Circumflex wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Circumflex then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Circumflex site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Circumflex, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Circumflex, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

The circumflex (ˆ) (often also called a "caret", from a non-diacritical sign with similar shape (^); also "hat" or "uppen") is a diacritic mark used in written Greek language, French language, West Frisian language, Esperanto, Norwegian language, Romanian language, Slovak language, Vietnamese language, Romaji, Welsh language, Portuguese language, Italian language, Afrikaans language, Turkish language and other languages. It received its English name from Latin circumflexus (bent about)—a translation of the Greek περισπωμένη (perispomeni).

Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules) on the accented syllable of a word, on vowel length, and where there was a rise and then a fall in pitch accent. Sometimes it took the form of a tilde. Since Modern Greek has a stress (linguistics) instead of a pitch accent, this diacritic has been replaced with an acute accent in the modern monotonic orthography.

Length The circumflex accent marks a vowel length in the orthography or transliteration of several languages.

Akkadian language. In the transliteration of this language, the circumflex indicates a long vowel resulting from an aleph contraction.
French language. The circumflex is used on â, ê, î, ô, û, and, in some varieties of the language, such as in Belgian pronunciation, these vowels are often long; fête "party" is longer than fait "fact". See also below.
Friulian language.
Japanese language. In the Kunrei-shiki system of Romaji, and occasionally in the Hepburn romanization system (as a surrogate for the macron).
Jèrriais.
Turkish language. According to Turkish Language Association orthography, düzeltme işareti ("correction mark") over a and u is primarily (see Circumflex#Other regular uses) used to indicate a long vowel on a basis of disambiguation. For example ama (but) against âmâ (blind), şura (that place, there) against şûra (council). Although official, the required system is complex and younger generations gradually decline using it.
Welsh language. The circumflex is colloquially known as the to bach — "little roof". It gives a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, w, y) a long sound, and is used particularly to differentiate between homonym, e.g. tan and tân, ffon and ffôn, pin and pîn, gem and gêm, cyn and cŷn, or gwn and gŵn.

Letter extension {| align="right" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; padding: 10px; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 36pt; text-align: center;"|-| Â| â|-| Ĉ| ĉ|-| Ê| ê|-| Ĝ| ĝ|-| Ĥ| ĥ|-| Î| î|-| Ĵ| ĵ|-| Ô| ô|-| Ŝ| ŝ|-| Û| û|-| Ŵ| ŵ|-| Ŷ| ŷ|-| | ||}

In Bulgarian language, when transliterated with the Latin alphabet, the sound represented in Bulgarian by 'â', although called a schwa (misleadingly suggesting an unstressed lax sound), is more accurately described as a close-mid back unrounded vowel#mid back unrounded vowel . Unlike English language or French language, but similar to Romanian language and Afrikaans language, it can be stressed. The Cyrillic letter 'ъ' (er goljam) is often transliterated as 'â' or sometimes as a 'ŭ', often it is just written as 'a' or 'u'.
In Chichewa language, ŵ denotes the voiced bilabial fricative , hence the name of the country Malawi.
In Esperanto, it is used on c-circumflex, g-circumflex, H-circumflex, J-circumflex, S-circumflex. It indicates a completely different consonant from the unaccented form, and is considered a separate letter for purposes of collation. See Esperanto orthography.
In pinyin romanized Standard Mandarin, the circumflex occurs only on ê, which is used to represent the sound in isolation. This sound occurs rarely and is only used as an exclamation.
In Romanian language, the circumflex is used on the vowels â and î to mark the vowel , similar to Russian yery. The names of these accented letters are â din a and î din i, respectively. Note: the letter â appears only in the middle of words; thus, its majuscule version appears only in all-capitals inscriptions.
In Slovak language, the circumflex (vokáň) turns the letter o into a diphthong ô .

Height In Portuguese and Vietnamese, the circumflex indicates the relative Vowel height of some vowels:

Portuguese language â , ê , and ô are higher vowels than á , é , and ó , respectively. The circumflex is only used on Stress (linguistics) vowels.
Vietnamese language â , ê , and ô are higher vowels than a , e , and o . The circumflex can appear together with a Tonal_language#Notational_systems on the same vowel, as in the word Việt Nam.

Other regular uses

In Afrikaans it simply marks a vowel with an irregular pronunciation, without indicating precisely what this pronunciation might be. Examples of circumflex use in Afrikaans are sê (to say), wêreld (world), môre (tomorrow) and brûe (bridges).
In French language, it generally marks the former presence of the letter s in the spelling of the word – for example, hôpital (hospital), forêt (forest), rôtir (to roast), côte (coast), pâte (paste). Since the older spelling is often one on which English words are based, as in the foregoing examples, the circumflex provides a helpful guide to Anglophone readers of French. Fenêtre (window), for instance, is derived from the Latin word fenestra. Certain close homophones are distinguished by the circumflex, for instance cote ("level", "mark") and côte ("rib" or "coast"). The letter ê is also normally pronounced open-mid vowel, like è. In the usual pronunciations of central and northern France, ô is pronounced close-mid vowel, like eau; in Southern France, no distinction is made between close-mid vowel and open-mid vowel o. See also Use of the circumflex in French.
In Old Tupi, the circumflex indicated a semivowel.
In Turkish language, the circumflex over a and u is used to indicate when a preceding consonant ("k", "g", "l") is to be pronounced as a palatal consonant plosive; , (kâğıt, gâvur, mahkûm, Gülgûn) or alveolar lateral (Elâzığ, Halûk). The circumflex over i is used to indicate a nisba suffix (millî, dinî).
In Welsh language, the circumflex, apart from being used as a lengthening sign (see above), is sometimes used with plural forms, notably where the singular ends in an a, to indicate the stressed syllable (which would normally be on the penult), e.g. camera, drama, opera, sinema → camerâu, dramâu, operâu, sinemâu.

Exceptional use

In English language the circumflex, like other diacriticals, is sometimes retained on loanwords that used it in the original language; for example, rôle. In Britain in the eighteenth century—before the cheap penny post and an era in which paper was taxed—the circumflex was used in postal letters to save room in an analogy with the French use. Specifically, the letters "ugh" were replaced when they were silent in the most common words, e.g., "thô" for "though", "thorô" for "thorough", and "brôt" for "brought" — similar to the way in which people today abbreviate words in Text messaging. This could have led to spelling simplification, but did not.
In Italian language, î is sometimes used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with -io , although the spelling with a normal i is by far the most usual one. Other possible spellings are -ii and obsolete -j or -ij. For example, the plural of vario ("various") can be spelt vari, varî, varii; the pronunciation will usually stay with only one .
In Norwegian language, it is used, with the exception of loan words, on ô and ê, almost exclusively in the words "fôr" (from Old Norse language fóðr), meaning "animal food", to differentiate it from for (the preposition); lêr, meaning "skin" (Norse leðr) and "vêr" (Norse veðr), meaning "weather", both lêr and vêr only in the Nynorsk Norwegian.

In science

The circumflex (or caret) character is used to represent exponentiation in ASCII: 2^3 = 8.
The circumflex (or caret) character is used in word-processing systems such as Word as a prefix to letters to create or search for special characters: ^t = tab, ^p = paragraph, ^l = line feed, ^h = backspace. ^h may be used in plain text to pretend to conceal one's first thoughts. "My opponent is an idio^h^h^h sadly mistaken." The number of ^hs need not correspond exactly to the number of backspaces required.
The circumflex (or caret) character is used to represent xor in ANSI C (and other languages based on C, like JavaScript and PHP): 2^3 = 1.
In statistics, a caret over the name of a variable represents an estimator.
In mathematics, a caret over a letter represents a unit vector.
The circumflex (or caret) character is also used in Regular Expressions.

In typography A caret is used by editors to indicate on a wiktionary:Proof#Noun where something should be inserted. It is placed below the line in question for a line-level punctuation mark (e.g., a comma) or above for a higher character (e.g., an apostrophe). The material to be inserted can be placed inside the caret, in the margin, or opposite the caret above the word.A caret is also used to center characters vertically. In such cases carets are placed both under and above the character facing opposite directions.

Technical notes The ISO-8859-1 character encoding includes the letters â, ê, î, ô, û, and their respective majuscule forms. Dozens more letters with the circumflex are available in Unicode. Unicode also uses the circumflex as a combining character.

See also

Caret
Tilde
Macron
Caron

External links

Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
Keyboard Help - Learn how to create world language accent marks and other diacriticals on a computer

Akkadian language. In the transliteration of this language, the circumflex indicates a long vowel resulting from an aleph contraction.
French language. The circumflex is used on â, ê, î, ô, û, and, in some varieties of the language, such as in Belgian pronunciation, these vowels are often long; fête "party" is longer than fait "fact". See also below.
Friulian language.
Japanese language. In the Kunrei-shiki system of Romaji, and occasionally in the Hepburn romanization system (as a surrogate for the macron).
Jèrriais.
Turkish language. According to Turkish Language Association orthography, düzeltme işareti ("correction mark") over a and u is primarily (see Circumflex#Other regular uses) used to indicate a long vowel on a basis of disambiguation. For example ama (but) against âmâ (blind), şura (that place, there) against şûra (council). Although official, the required system is complex and younger generations gradually decline using it.
Welsh language. The circumflex is colloquially known as the to bach — "little roof". It gives a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, w, y) a long sound, and is used particularly to differentiate between homonym, e.g. tan and tân, ffon and ffôn, pin and pîn, gem and gêm, cyn and cŷn, or gwn and gŵn.

In Bulgarian language, when transliterated with the Latin alphabet, the sound represented in Bulgarian by 'â', although called a schwa (misleadingly suggesting an unstressed lax sound), is more accurately described as a close-mid back unrounded vowel#mid back unrounded vowel . Unlike English language or French language, but similar to Romanian language and Afrikaans language, it can be stressed. The Cyrillic letter 'ъ' (er goljam) is often transliterated as 'â' or sometimes as a 'ŭ', often it is just written as 'a' or 'u'.
In Chichewa language, ŵ denotes the voiced bilabial fricative , hence the name of the country Malawi.
In Esperanto, it is used on c-circumflex, g-circumflex, H-circumflex, J-circumflex, S-circumflex. It indicates a completely different consonant from the unaccented form, and is considered a separate letter for purposes of collation. See Esperanto orthography.
In pinyin romanized Standard Mandarin, the circumflex occurs only on ê, which is used to represent the sound in isolation. This sound occurs rarely and is only used as an exclamation.
In Romanian language, the circumflex is used on the vowels â and î to mark the vowel , similar to Russian yery. The names of these accented letters are â din a and î din i, respectively. Note: the letter â appears only in the middle of words; thus, its majuscule version appears only in all-capitals inscriptions.
In Slovak language, the circumflex (vokáň) turns the letter o into a diphthong ô .

Height In Portuguese and Vietnamese, the circumflex indicates the relative Vowel height of some vowels:

Portuguese language â , ê , and ô are higher vowels than á , é , and ó , respectively. The circumflex is only used on Stress (linguistics) vowels.
Vietnamese language â , ê , and ô are higher vowels than a , e , and o . The circumflex can appear together with a Tonal_language#Notational_systems on the same vowel, as in the word Việt Nam.

Other regular uses

In Afrikaans it simply marks a vowel with an irregular pronunciation, without indicating precisely what this pronunciation might be. Examples of circumflex use in Afrikaans are sê (to say), wêreld (world), môre (tomorrow) and brûe (bridges).
In French language, it generally marks the former presence of the letter s in the spelling of the word – for example, hôpital (hospital), forêt (forest), rôtir (to roast), côte (coast), pâte (paste). Since the older spelling is often one on which English words are based, as in the foregoing examples, the circumflex provides a helpful guide to Anglophone readers of French. Fenêtre (window), for instance, is derived from the Latin word fenestra. Certain close homophones are distinguished by the circumflex, for instance cote ("level", "mark") and côte ("rib" or "coast"). The letter ê is also normally pronounced open-mid vowel, like è. In the usual pronunciations of central and northern France, ô is pronounced close-mid vowel, like eau; in Southern France, no distinction is made between close-mid vowel and open-mid vowel o. See also Use of the circumflex in French.
In Old Tupi, the circumflex indicated a semivowel.
In Turkish language, the circumflex over a and u is used to indicate when a preceding consonant ("k", "g", "l") is to be pronounced as a palatal consonant plosive; , (kâğıt, gâvur, mahkûm, Gülgûn) or alveolar lateral (Elâzığ, Halûk). The circumflex over i is used to indicate a nisba suffix (millî, dinî).
In Welsh language, the circumflex, apart from being used as a lengthening sign (see above), is sometimes used with plural forms, notably where the singular ends in an a, to indicate the stressed syllable (which would normally be on the penult), e.g. camera, drama, opera, sinema → camerâu, dramâu, operâu, sinemâu.

Exceptional use

In English language the circumflex, like other diacriticals, is sometimes retained on loanwords that used it in the original language; for example, rôle. In Britain in the eighteenth century—before the cheap penny post and an era in which paper was taxed—the circumflex was used in postal letters to save room in an analogy with the French use. Specifically, the letters "ugh" were replaced when they were silent in the most common words, e.g., "thô" for "though", "thorô" for "thorough", and "brôt" for "brought" — similar to the way in which people today abbreviate words in Text messaging. This could have led to spelling simplification, but did not.
In Italian language, î is sometimes used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with -io , although the spelling with a normal i is by far the most usual one. Other possible spellings are -ii and obsolete -j or -ij. For example, the plural of vario ("various") can be spelt vari, varî, varii; the pronunciation will usually stay with only one .
In Norwegian language, it is used, with the exception of loan words, on ô and ê, almost exclusively in the words "fôr" (from Old Norse language fóðr), meaning "animal food", to differentiate it from for (the preposition); lêr, meaning "skin" (Norse leðr) and "vêr" (Norse veðr), meaning "weather", both lêr and vêr only in the Nynorsk Norwegian.

In science

The circumflex (or caret) character is used to represent exponentiation in ASCII: 2^3 = 8.
The circumflex (or caret) character is used in word-processing systems such as Word as a prefix to letters to create or search for special characters: ^t = tab, ^p = paragraph, ^l = line feed, ^h = backspace. ^h may be used in plain text to pretend to conceal one's first thoughts. "My opponent is an idio^h^h^h sadly mistaken." The number of ^hs need not correspond exactly to the number of backspaces required.
The circumflex (or caret) character is used to represent xor in ANSI C (and other languages based on C, like JavaScript and PHP): 2^3 = 1.
In statistics, a caret over the name of a variable represents an estimator.
In mathematics, a caret over a letter represents a unit vector.
The circumflex (or caret) character is also used in Regular Expressions.

Caret
Tilde
Macron
Caron

External links

Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
Keyboard Help - Learn how to create world language accent marks and other diacriticals on a computer

Definition: circumflex from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.

Definition: circumflex scapular artery from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.

Circumflex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The circumflex (ˆ) (often mistakenly also called a "caret", from a non-diacritical sign with similar shape (^); also "hat" or "uppen" [citation needed]) is a diacritic mark used ...

Caret - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Caret is the name for the symbol ^ in ASCII and some other character sets. Its Unicode code point is U+005E, and its ASCII code in hexadecimal is 5E.

circumflex artery - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about circumflex ...
Blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to any part of the body. It is built to withstand considerable pressure, having thick walls that contain muscle and elastic fibres.

circumflex artery (heart, anatomy) - General Practice Notebook
The circumflex artery of the heart is a continuation of the left coronary artery after its division from the anterior interventricular artery within the coronary groove on the ...

Studentenvereniging Circumflex

circumflex - definition of circumflex in the Medical dictionary - by ...
circumflex /cir·cum·flex/ (serk´um-fleks) curved like a bow. cir·cum·flex (sûr k m-fl ks)

Scapular circumflex - definition of Scapular circumflex in the Medical ...
circumflex scapular artery

circumflex - Definitions from Dictionary.com
adjective . 1. consisting of, indicated by, or bearing the mark ^, ˘, or ~, placed over a vowel symbol in some languages to show that the vowel or the syllable containing it is ...